Quantity and quality of jobs created in ventures out of opportunity and out of necessity in Mozambique.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.71068/SMJ00113Keywords:
decent work, entrepreneurship, necessity-driven entrepreneurs, opportunity-driven entrepreneursAbstract
The aim of the study was to compare the quantity and quality of jobs created by opportunity-driven and necessity-driven entrepreneurs in the cities of Maputo, Beira and Nampula. A quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional and descriptive-comparative study was carried out involving 551 entrepreneurs selected on a convenience basis in markets and shopping centres. Data were collected via a questionnaire and analysed using descriptive statistics, the chi-squared test, analysis of variance, Tukey’s comparison test and Student’s t-test, with a significance level of 5 per cent. Necessity-driven entrepreneurs accounted for 72 per cent of the sample and reported higher total and average numbers of jobs; however, opportunity-driven entrepreneurs recorded more favourable proportions regarding compliance with the minimum wage, working hours within legal limits, employment contracts, occupational safety and trade union membership. Average wages did not differ significantly between the two types of entrepreneurship, but varied across cities. It was concluded that the number of jobs created did not necessarily correspond to better working conditions. The results were limited to the participants studied and could not be generalised to the whole of Mozambique.
References
1. Gebremichael HS, Gebreslassie MG, Mezgebe TT. Contextualizing entrepreneurship for Africa’s post-COVID-19 recovery and growth. Sci Afr. 2023;22:e01946.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e01946
2. Ajide FM. Institutions and entrepreneurship in Africa: does democracy matter? J Entrep. 2023;32(3):553-589.https://doi.org/10.1177/09713557231210686
3. Hossain F, Ibrahim M, Yeboah-Assiamah E. In search of Ubuntu in an African SME: a case of a transitional entrepreneur. Afr J Manag. 2024;10(2):150-175.https://doi.org/10.1080/23322373.2024.2349482
4. Ali R, Stevano S. Work in agro-industry and the social reproduction of labour in Mozambique: contradictions in the current accumulation system. Rev Afr Polit Econ. 2022;49(171):67-86.https://doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2022.1990624
5. Instituto Nacional de Estatística. Inquérito sobre Orçamento Familiar—IOF 2019/2020. Maputo: INE; 2021. Disponível em:https://www.ine.gov.mz
6. Instituto Nacional de Estatística. Mulheres e homens em Moçambique, 2022–2023. Maputo: INE; 2024. Disponível em:https://www.ine.gov.mz
7. International Labour Organization. Women and men in the informal economy: a statistical picture. 3rd ed. Geneva: ILO; 2018. Disponível em:https://www.ilo.org/publications/major-publications/women-and-men-informal-economy-statistical-picture-third-edition
8. Huang Y, Li P, Chen L, Wang J. Opportunity or necessity entrepreneurship? A study based on the national system of entrepreneurship. J Innov Knowl. 2023;8(4):100448.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2023.100448
9. O’Donnell P, Leger M, O’Gorman C, Clinton E. Necessity entrepreneurship. Acad Manag Ann. 2024;18(1):44-81.https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2021.0176
10. Weber C, Fasse A, Haugh HM, Grote U. Varieties of necessity entrepreneurship: new insights from Sub-Saharan Africa. Entrep Theory Pract. 2023;47(5):1843-1876.https://doi.org/10.1177/10422587221111737
11. Batz Liñeiro A, Romero Ochoa JA, Montes de la Barrera J. Exploring entrepreneurial intentions and motivations: a comparative analysis of opportunity-driven and necessity-driven entrepreneurs. J Innov Entrep. 2024;13:11.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-024-00366-8
12. Lingappa AK, Rodrigues LR, Shetty DK. Women entrepreneurial motivation and business performance: the role of learning motivation and female entrepreneurial competencies. Ind Commer Train. 2023;55(2):269-283.https://doi.org/10.1108/ICT-06-2022-0042
13. Naiki E, Ogane Y. Human capital effects on fundraising for necessity- and opportunity-based entrepreneurs. Small Bus Econ. 2022;59(2):721-741.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-021-00596-0
14. Sendra-Pons P, Belarbi-Muñoz S, Garzón D, Mas-Tur A. Cross-country differences in drivers of female necessity entrepreneurship. Serv Bus. 2022;16(4):971-989.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11628-021-00470-9
15. Núñez YM, Morales-Alonso G. Longitudinal study of necessity- and opportunity-based entrepreneurship upon COVID lockdowns: the importance of misery and economic freedom indexes. Technol Forecast Soc Change. 2024;200:123079.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.123079
16. Porfírio JA, Felício JA, Rodrigues RM, Carrilho T. Exploring migrant entrepreneurship and innovation in ultraperipheral regions: an investigation on opportunity and necessity-driven entrepreneurship. J Innov Knowl. 2024;9(4):100573.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2024.100573
17. Mashapure R, Nyagadza B, Chikazhe L, Msipa N, Ngorora GKP, Gwiza A. Challenges hindering women entrepreneurship sustainability in rural livelihoods: case of Manicaland province. Cogent Soc Sci. 2022;8(1):2132675.https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2132675
18. Moyo B. Factors affecting the probability of formalizing informal sector activities in Sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from World Bank enterprise surveys. Afr J Econ Manag Stud. 2022;13(3):480-507.https://doi.org/10.1108/AJEMS-06-2021-0304
19. Torm N, Oehme M. Social protection and formalization in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review of the literature. World Dev. 2024;181:106662.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106662
20. McKay A, Pirttilä J, Schimanski C. The tax elasticity of formal work in Sub-Saharan African countries. J Dev Stud. 2024;60(2):217-244.https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2023.2279477
21. Okbandrias M, Nordjo E. Localising decent work for poverty reduction in Africa: a case study of the decent work pilot project in Ghana. J Soc Econ Dev. 2024:1-18.https://doi.org/10.1007/s40847-024-00335-7
22. Lakemann T. How vulnerable are the self-employed? Evidence from Ugandan small-scale entrepreneurs. J Dev Stud. 2023;59(9):1391-1408.https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2023.2217996
23. Lo Bue MC, Le TTN, Santos Silva M, Sen K. Gender and vulnerable employment in the developing world: evidence from global microdata. World Dev. 2022;159:106010.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.106010
24. International Labour Organization. ILO declaration on social justice for a fair globalization. Geneva: ILO; 2008. Disponível em:https://www.ilo.org/resource/ilo-declaration-social-justice-fair-globalization
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Adriano Bernardo Madamuge (Autor/a)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
